Ekonomi Bölümü / Department of Economics
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://acikerisim.antalya.edu.tr/handle/20.500.12566/22
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Item Income Inequality and CO2 Emissions Nexus: A Long-Run Analysis for Turkey(ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 2024) Erkişi, Kemal; Çetin, Melike; 0000-0001-7197-8768; TR255998The relationship between economic factors and environmental impacts is of paramount significance in the pursuit of sustainable development and the implementation of effective measures to alleviate environmental deterioration. This research utilizes the VECM, FMOLS, CCR, and DOLS methodologies to examine the relationship between income inequality and CO2 emissions spanning from 1990 to 2022 in Turkey. Theoretical frameworks such as Boyce's socio-economic dynamics, Veblen's pecuniary emulation theory, and the marginal propensity to emit provide detailed insights into the complex relationship between economic inequality and environmental degradation. In synthesizing the literature on income inequality and CO2 emissions, we observe a wide spectrum of findings ranging from positive to negative associations, with some studies yielding inconclusive results in different nations and areas. Beyond income inequality, this research considers a wider range of CO2 explanatory factors, such as GDP per capita, industrial value added, energy consumption, renewable energy, population density, and the Gini index. The estimates reveal that income per capita, industrial value added, energy consumption, and population density show positive linkages with CO2 emissions. On the other hand, renewable energy share and income inequality reflect negative associations with CO2 emissions. Notably, an increase in the Gini coefficient, reflecting worse income distribution, is associated with a reduction in CO2 emissions in Turkey.Item Covid-19 dönemi Türkiye’de ve Almanya’da uygulanan para ve maliye politikalarının makro ekonomik etkilerinin karşılaştırılması(Ekin Basım Yayın Dağıtım, 2023) Yüce, Nurdan Cansu; Yüce, Nurdan Cansu; 0000-0002-0709-4471 [Yüce, Nurdan Cansu]; 384570 [Yüce, Nurdan Cansu]Item An innovative perspective on the impact of innovation on global competitiveness: Comparative analysis of EU13 and EU15 countries(Tomas Bata University in Zlín, 2023) Çetin, Melike; Erkişi, Kemal; 58830531200 [Çetin, Melike]; 58316022400 [Erkişi, Kemal]; Çetin, Melike; Erkişi, Kemal; 0000-0001-6744-9337 [Çetin, Melike]; 0000-0001-7197-8768 [Erkişi, Kemal]; 381652 [Çetin, Melike]; 255998 [Erkişi, Kemal]This study examines the relationship between innovation and global competitiveness in European Union (EU28) member states and the differences between EU13 and EU15 countries categorised by wealth level from 1997 to 2019. The study employs the Parks-Kmenta panel data method considering heteroscedasticity, serial correlation and cross-section dependence to analyse the impact of innovation, income inequality, unemployment and labour force share in national income on global competitiveness. The results reveal that innovation has the highest positive effect on global competitiveness, with a 1% increase in the innovation index leading to 13.4% and 11.1% increases in global competitiveness for the EU28 and EU15-EU13, respectively; a 1% increase in income inequality leads to a 0.53% and 0.55% increase in global competitiveness for the EU28 and EU15-EU13, respectively; a 1% increase in unemployment causes a 0.12% and 0.13% decrease in global competitiveness for the EU28 and EU15-EU13, respectively; a 1% increase in labour's share in national income results in a 0.18% and 0.17% decrease in global competitiveness for the EU28 and EU15-EU13, respectively. The analysis also shows that EU15's global competitiveness is 11.7% higher than EU13. This study concludes that innovation is the primary determinant of global competitiveness; however, it may come at the cost of a decrease in labour's share in national income and income distribution equality.Item Immigration, growth and unemployment nexus: a long-run analysis for Türkiye(2023) Erkişi, Kemal; Çetin, Melike; Erkişi, Kemal; Çetin, Melike; 0000-0001-7197-8768 [Erkişi, Kemal]; 0000-0001-6744-9337 [Çetin, Melike]; 255998 [Erkişi, Kemal]; 381652 [Çetin, Melike]This study employs VECM, FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR methods to comprehensively explore the diverse effects of total immigration, including regular, irregular, and refugee movements, on unemployment in Türkiye from 2000 to 2022. Model 1 analyzes the overall influence of immigration, revealing a quadratic relationship wherein immigration initially reduces unemployment before triggering subsequent growth. Notably, the study identifies a rise in GDP per capita following increased unemployment linked to immigration, attributed to a surge in refugees, especially post-2013. Refugees, with their informal employment contributions, are seen as positively influencing economic growth, but at the expense of higher unemployment rates. Conversely, Model 2 dissects the effects of regular and irregular immigration, coupled with economic, educational, and inflationary factors, on unemployment. The analysis discerns that irregular immigration heightens unemployment, while regular migration alleviates it. A significant proportion of regular immigration comprises short-term and student permits, contributing positively to economic development and mitigating unemployment. Irregular migration, akin to refugee influx, fosters economic growth through informal employment, adversely impacting formal unemployment rates. The model also reveals a negative association between education and unemployment, emphasizing that heightened education levels lead to skill development and reduced unemployment. Additionally, the study notes the simultaneous rise in unemployment and inflation, potentially linked to informal employment resulting from immigration.Item Understanding the nexus between climate inequality and income inequality: a literature review(XI Traditional Scientific Conference, 2023-05) Boğa, Semra; Erkişi, Kemal; Erkişi, Kemal; 0000-0001-7197-8768 [Erkişi, Kemal]; 255998 [Erkişi, Kemal]It is projected that climate change, which is seen as the most important threat on a global scale after the Covid-19 pandemic, will not affect all countries to the same degree, just like all crises. The expectation that low-income individuals and underdeveloped countries which contributes the least to the climate change will suffer the most from the climate change crisis has led to the introduction of the concept of "climate inequality" into the literature. In a recent report published by the World Bank, it was stated that between 68 and 135 million people will be impoverished due to climate change. The climate inequality report published in 2023 also shows that the effects of climate change will have quite unfair outcomes both between countries and within the country. Therefore, income inequalities, which have started to improve among countries with the effect of economic growth in the last decades, are expected to reverse with climate change. This expectation has prompted researchers to empirically investigate the relationship between climate change and income inequality. The aim of this study is to reveal the literature gap in this field by examining the studies investigating the relationship between climate inequality and income inequality. The findings of the study is expected to provide an important roadmap for researchers.Item The long-run impact of low-semi-high skilled labor immigration on economic growth: the case of Canada(43rd EBES Conference - Madrid, 2023) Erkişi, Kemal; Erkişi, Kemal; 0000-0001-7197-8768 [Erkişi, Kemal]; 255998 [Erkişi, Kemal]There is a paucity of empirical evaluations of the impact of immigration on economic growth, while the majority of prior research are theoretical. Nevertheless, when such studies do exist, they lack structural models and are often hindered by data restrictions. Neoclassical growth theories based on the Solow model hold that permanent immigration will generally reduce economic growth, especially when immigrants are less skilled or perfect substitutes than natives. Later theoretical studies argued that immigration can foster long-term growth only if it consists of highly skilled workers. In this context, this research examines the long-term impacts of low-semi-high-skilled immigrant labor and native-born Canadian workforce on economic development in Canada. Within the scope of this research, quarterly data for the years 2006-2022 in Canada are used to investigate how the presence of immigrant workers influenced overall economic growth. In the model examined, the dependent variable is considered to be real economic growth, while the independent variables are capital and employment. The employment variable is broken down into two categories: native-born Canadians and immigrant workers. According to the level of education and competence that immigrants possessed, immigrant employment is categorized as low-skilled, semi-skilled and high skilled workers. The series of workers born in Canada is incorporated into the model as a separate component so that it would be possible to examine the impact of employment in the appropriate manner. In addition to employment, Physical Capital, which is the most important factor in economic growth, is also included in the empirical model. In order to estimate the long-term parameters, the Vector Error Correction (VECM) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares Estimator (DOLS) are employed. The estimates revealed that a 1% increase in native Canadian employment raises real output by 0.69%; a 1% increase in low-skilled immigrant employment decreases real output by 0.10%; a 1% increase in the semi-skilled immigrant employment raises real output by 0.15%; a 1% increase in high-skilled immigrant employment raises real output by 0.26%. The results demonstrate that immigration can only stimulate long-term real output if the inflow consists of qualified immigrant workers.Item An innovative perspective on the impact of innovation on global competitiveness: comparative analysis of EU13 and EU15 countries(2023) Çetin, Melike; Erkişi, Kemal; Erkişi, Kemal; 0000-0001-7197-8768 [Erkişi, Kemal]; 255998 [Erkişi, Kemal]This study examines the relationship between innovation and global competitiveness in European Union (EU28) member states and the differences between EU13 and EU15 countries categorised by wealth level from 1997 to 2019. The study employs the Parks–Kmenta panel data method considering heteroscedasticity, serial correlation and cross-section dependence to analyse the impact of innovation, income inequality, unemployment and labour force share in national income on global competitiveness. The results reveal that innovation has the highest positive effect on global competitiveness, with a 1% increase in the innovation index leading to 13.4% and 11.1% increases in global competitiveness for the EU28 and EU15–EU13, respectively; a 1% increase in income inequality leads to a 0.53% and 0.55% increase in global competitiveness for the EU28 and EU15–EU13, respectively; a 1% increase in unemployment causes a 0.12% and 0.13% decrease in global competitiveness for the EU28 and EU15–EU13, respectively; a 1% increase in labour’s share in national income results in a 0.18% and 0.17% decrease in global competitiveness for the EU28 and EU15–EU13, respectively. The analysis also shows that EU15’s global competitiveness is 11.7% higher than EU13. This study concludes that innovation is the primary determinant of global competitiveness; however, it may come at the cost of a decrease in labour’s share in national income and income distribution equality.Item Does financial inclusion boost human development? The case of Türkiye(EJSER XI. International Symposium on Social Sciences, 2023) Erkişi, Kemal; Boğa, Semra; Erkişi, Kemal; 0000-0001-7197-8768 [Erkişi, Kemal]; 255998 [Erkişi, Kemal]According to the prevailing body of literature, financial inclusion can serve as a crucial factor in fostering human development through its potential to stimulate economic growth, mitigate poverty and inequality, and enhance various aspects of social welfare such as health, education, and gender parity. The prevalent perspective posits that the provision of financial services, including but not limited to savings accounts, credit, insurance, and payment systems, to individuals and households can enhance their financial management, facilitate investment in their businesses or education, and enable them to handle unforeseen expenses more effectively. Accordingly, the amalgamation of financial services has the capacity to enhance health, education, gender parity, and residential renovations. In this context, this research examines the impact of financial inclusion on human development in Turkey during the period spanning from 1990 to 2021. The parameter estimations are conducted through the Full Modified Ordinary Least (FMOLS) approach, which is a technique for cointegration regression analysis. The outcomes of FMOLS are robusted by employing the Canonical Cointegration Regression (CCR). In addition to financial inclusion, the independent variables of import, export, and foreign direct investments are incorporated into the model alongside human development as the dependent variable. The financial development index, which is computed by the IMF based on the depth, access, and efficiency dimensions of financial institutions and financial markets, serves as a proxy for financial inclusion. The findings suggest that a marginal rise of 1% in financial inclusion and exports is associated with a notable improvement of 0.16% and 0.19%, respectively, in human development. Conversely, a 1% increase in imports and foreign direct investments is linked to a decline of 0.11%.and 0.04%, respectively, in human development.Item Does financial inclusion improve income equality? The case of Türkiye(Sciendo, 2023) Erkişi, Kemal; Boğa, Semra; Erkişi, Kemal; 0000-0001-7197-8768 [Erkişi, Kemal]; 255998 [Erkişi, Kemal]Income inequality has become an important economic and humanitarian problem for both advanced and emerging economies, especially with the increase in financialiation trends. The equitable distribution of income has garnered attention in both developed and developing nations, given the rise in global trade and production. However, limited research has explored the impact of financial inclusion on income inequality. To address this gap, this study investigated the effect of financial inclusion on income inequality in Türkiye, contributing to the very limited literature. In this study, the financial inclusion variable is measured using a six-dimensional index encompassing financial institutions and financial markets with depth, access, and availability sub-dimensions. During the time frame spanning from 1980 to 2021, estimations of parameters are conducted employing cointegration regression techniques, including FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR. The analysis revealed that inflation, per capita income, urbanization, and financial inclusion have a negative impact on income equality, whereas education has a positive impact. A 1% rise in financial inclusion is associated with a proportional rise in income inequality of approximately 0.012%. Contrary to the findings of previous empirical studies in general, the increase in financial inclusion in Türkiye has a distorting effect on income equality. The findings of this study offer important implications for Türkiye. While the relationship between the financial inclusion indicator and income inequality is not negative, increasing the income of low-income groups across all financial sectors is likely to improve income equality.Item Skill-based immigration and economic growth: a long-term analysis for Canada(2023) Erkişi, Kemal; Erkişi, Kemal; 0000-0001-7197-8768 [Erkişi, Kemal]; 255998 [Erkişi, Kemal]There has been an increasing acknowledgement of the importance of immigration, both in the scholarly discourse on economics and in the priorities of policymakers. In this regard, the immigrant inflows to maximize potential economic benefits is a highly debated topic in both the academic literature and the policy agendas. Nevertheless, the impact of the varied educational backgrounds and skill sets of immigrants on economic growth is still largely unexamined. Within this particular framework, this study investigates the impact of immigration based on skill level on the economic growth of Canada during the timeframe of 2006-2022. In the model examined, employment is categorized as native-born Canadian, low-skilled, semi-skilled, and high-skilled immigrants. In order to estimate the long-term parameters, the Vector Error Correction (VECM) is employed, and the results are confirmed by the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares Estimator (DOLS). The estimates revealed that a 1% increase in native Canadian employment raises real output by 0.69%; a 1% increase in low-skilled immigrant employment decreases real output by 0.10%; a 1% increase in the semi skilled immigrant employment raises real output by 0.15%; a 1% increase in high-skilled immigrant employment raises real output by 0.26%. The results demonstrate that the impact of immigration on economic growth varies depending on the skill level. Low-skilled immigration has a negative effect on economic growth, while semi-skilled and high-skilled immigration have a positive effect. In addition, the impact of high-skilled immigration on economic growth is greater than that of semi-skilled immigration. Immigration can only stimulate long-term real output if the inflow consists of qualified immigrant workers.