http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12566/8 2026-07-05T10:02:13Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12566/2491 Greenhouse gas emissions, economic factors, and socio-economic dynamics in canada Erkişi, Kemal This study investigates how economic and socio-economic structures are associated with greenhouse gas emissions in Canada between 1990 and 2024. Moving beyond a narrow growth–energy perspective, it brings together economic growth, population density, energy consumption, renewable energy, financial development, income inequality, and trade openness within a unified time-series framework. The analysis employs a VECM to examine long-run equilibrium and short-run adjustment, while FMOLS provides robustness evidence for the long-run estimates. The findings show that emissions are positively associated with growth, population density, energy consumption, income inequality, and trade openness, but negatively associated with renewable energy and financial development. Short-run dynamics largely reinforce these long-run patterns, and the error-correction mechanism indicates gradual adjustment toward equilibrium. The results suggest that Canada’s emissions reflect not only energy intensity and scale, but also demographic, distributional, financial, and external-integration channels. Policy responses should combine energy transition with cleaner production, financial allocation, and socio-economic considerations. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12566/2490 Does governance-based adaptation capacity reduce human exposure to disasters? evidence from disaster-exposed OECD economies Erkişi, Kemal This study examines whether governance-based adaptation capacity reduces human exposure to natural disasters in 14 disaster-exposed OECD countries over the period 2000–2024. Using a two-way fixed-effects framework with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors, the analysis evaluates the joint roles of temperature anomalies, disaster frequency, and governance capacity in shaping the disaster-affected population. The results show that temperature anomalies have a nonlinear effect on human exposure, while disaster frequency increases disaster-affected population across all model specifications. By contrast, governance-based adaptation capacity reduces baseline exposure. In the preferred specification, the coefficient of governance capacity is negative (−0.983), whereas the interaction between disaster frequency and governance capacity is positive (0.071), indicating that institutional capacity lowers baseline vulnerability but does not fully offset the effect of repeated hazard occurrence. These findings suggest that governance-based adaptation plays a protective role, yet its effectiveness remains conditional on the scale and frequency of climate-related hazards. The results underline the importance of strengthening institutional capacity as part of broader disaster risk reduction and adaptation strategies. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12566/2472 The distributional consequences of globalization: a nonlinear analysis of Canada’s economic, social, and political dimensions Erkişi, Kemal This study examines the effects of globalization on income inequality with its economic, social, and political dimensions in the period 1995–2022, in the case of Canada. The model measures income inequality using the Gini Index as the dependent variable and incorporates three globalization dimensions, along with control variables like human capital, GDP per capita, foreign direct investment, and urban population growth. We employ Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Canonical Cointegration Regression (CCR) methods to assess long-term relationships. The study addresses the nonlinear effects of globalization’s economic, social, and political dimensions on income inequality. The findings indicate that economic and social globalization initially exacerbate income inequality, but eventually lead to improvements in income distribution as their effects reverse beyond a certain threshold. This demonstrates the nonlinear nature of these impacts on income distribution. Additionally, we find that human capital, foreign direct investment, and urban population growth reduce income inequality. However, GDP per capita exhibits a nonlinear relationship with income inequality, consistent with the Kuznets Curve hypothesis. Initially, GDP growth worsens income distribution, but at higher levels, it contributes to improving equality. This relationship was confirmed by the FMOLS estimates, but the CCR method did not confirm this result, suggesting that the impact of GDP on inequality should be interpreted with caution. Similarly, while FMOLS indicates a significant effect of political globalization on income inequality, the CCR method does not confirm this result, implying that the findings for political globalization should also be considered carefully. Overall, this study shows that economic and social globalization initially increase inequality, but their impact diminishes at higher levels. While human capital, foreign direct investment, and urban population growth all contribute to reducing inequality, these results reveal that when income equality is taken into consideration, globalization policies and economic growth strategies should be designed more carefully, with balancing policies aimed at reducing income inequality. In this context, a more detailed examination of the effects of different dimensions of globalization on income distribution will have important implications for policymakers. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12566/2471 Economic output under a warming climate: non-linear damage effects and adaptive capacity in OECD countries Erkişi, Kemal; Sarıtaş, Başak This study examines the long-run effects of temperature anomalies on economic output in OECD countries, with a focus on non-linear damage patterns and the mitigating role of adaptive capacity. Using annual data for 38 OECD economies over 1995–2024, the analysis estimates panel models with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors within a reduced-form damage-function framework and corroborates long-run robustness using panel FMOLS. The results indicate a non-linear temperature–output relationship: moderate temperature deviations are associated with higher output, but the marginal effect weakens as anomalies intensify, consistent with rising damages at larger deviations from historical norms. Heterogeneity analyses reveal that the temperature–output response is substantially stronger and more non-linear in warm-climate OECD countries, with additional geographic heterogeneity between European and non-European OECD economies. The results further show that higher public investment and stronger health-system capacity are associated with reduced output sensitivity to temperature shocks, with this moderating role being especially pronounced in warmer climates. Taken together, these findings highlight infrastructure and health capacity as measurable, policy-relevant adaptation channels that strengthen macroeconomic resilience to climate variability in advanced economies. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z